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Computer operating systems

"Windows" redirects here. For the part of a building, see Window . For other uses, see Windows (disambiguation)

Microsoft 馃捀 Windows is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to 馃捀 a certain sector of the computing industry. For instance, Windows NT for consumer and corporate desktops, Windows Server for servers, 馃捀 and Windows IoT for embedded systems. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile, Windows Phone, and Windows Embedded Compact.

The 馃捀 first version of Windows was released on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response 馃捀 to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[12]

Windows is the most popular desktop operating system in the world, with 馃捀 a 70% market share as of March 2024 , according to StatCounter.[13] However, Windows is not the most used operating 馃捀 system when including both mobile and desktop OSes, due to Android's massive growth.[14]

As of December 2024 , the most recent 馃捀 version of Windows is Windows 11 for consumer PCs and tablets, Windows 11 Enterprise for corporations, and Windows Server 2024 馃捀 for servers.

Genealogy

By marketing role

Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks, each of which denotes a family of Windows 馃捀 operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. As of 2014, the following Windows families were being 馃捀 actively developed:

These Windows families are no longer being developed:

Version history

The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations 馃捀 of Microsoft operating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows:

Early versions

The history of Windows dates back to 1981 馃捀 when Microsoft started work on a program called "Interface Manager". It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, 馃捀 but before the Macintosh) under the name "Windows", but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.[17] Windows 1.0 was 馃捀 to compete with Apple's operating system, but achieved little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it 馃捀 extends MS-DOS. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Components included Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, 馃捀 Clipboard Viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead, all 馃捀 windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Microsoft sold as included Windows Development libraries with 馃捀 the C development environment, which included numerous windows samples.[18]

Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and was more popular than 馃捀 its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management.[19] Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled 馃捀 windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement 馃捀 on Apple's copyrights (eventually settled in court in Microsoft's favor in 1993).[20][21] Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts 馃捀 and could make use of expanded memory.

Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions: Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 uses the 馃捀 virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 to multitask several DOS programs and the paged memory model to emulate expanded 馃捀 memory using available extended memory. Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both Intel 8086 and Intel 80286 processors. 馃捀 It runs in real mode but can make use of the high memory area.[citation needed]

In addition to full Windows packages, 馃捀 there were runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows software from third parties and made it possible to run their 馃捀 Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set.

The early versions of Windows are often thought of as 馃捀 graphical shells, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for file system services.[22] However, even the 馃捀 earliest Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own executable file format and providing their 馃捀 own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound). Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications 馃捀 at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allows it to 馃捀 run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; 馃捀 data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control.

Windows 3.x

Windows 3.0, released in 1990

Windows 3.0, released 馃捀 in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allow Windows to 馃捀 share arbitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications.[citation needed] Windows 3.0 applications can run in protected mode, which gives them access 馃捀 to several megabytes of memory without the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the 馃捀 same address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of protection. Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to the user 馃捀 interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations from C into assembly. Windows 3.0 was the first version of Windows to achieve broad 馃捀 commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.[23][24]

Versions before Windows 95 had to be installed from floppy 馃捀 disks by end users (or in professional environments with a network installation); here Windows for Workgroups with nine 3.5-inch-disks to 馃捀 be inserted sequentially.

Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992, featured a facelift. In August 1993, Windows for Workgroups, 馃捀 a special version with integrated peer-to-peer networking features and a version number of 3.11, was released. It was sold along 馃捀 with Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.[25]

Windows 3.2, released in 1994, is an updated version 馃捀 of the Chinese version of Windows 3.1.[26] The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues 馃捀 related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language.[27] Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a 馃捀 ten-disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese characters in basic output and some translated utilities.

Windows 9x

The next major 馃捀 consumer-oriented release of Windows, Windows 95, was released on August 24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support 馃捀 for native 32-bit applications, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255 characters, and provided 馃捀 increased stability over its predecessors. Windows 95 also introduced a redesigned, object oriented user interface, replacing the previous Program Manager 馃捀 with the Start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer shell. Windows 95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried 馃捀 of CNET remarked that "by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become 馃捀 a fixture on computer desktops around the world."[28] Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of 馃捀 which was roughly equivalent to a service pack. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of 馃捀 Windows to be bundled with Microsoft's web browser, Internet Explorer.[29] Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000, 馃捀 and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.[30]

Windows 95 was followed up with the release of Windows 馃捀 98 on June 25, 1998, which introduced the Windows Driver Model, support for USB composite devices, support for ACPI, hibernation, 馃捀 and support for multi-monitor configurations. Windows 98 also included integration with Internet Explorer 4 through Active Desktop and other aspects 馃捀 of the Windows Desktop Update (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell which was also made available for Windows 馃捀 95). In May 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an updated version of Windows 98. Windows 98 SE added 馃捀 Internet Explorer 5.0 and Windows Media Player 6.2 amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 馃捀 2002, and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.[31]

On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Millennium 馃捀 Edition), the last DOS-based version of Windows. Windows Me incorporated visual interface enhancements from its Windows NT-based counterpart Windows 2000, 馃捀 had faster boot times than previous versions (which however, required the removal of the ability to access a real mode 馃捀 DOS environment, removing compatibility with some older programs),[32] expanded multimedia functionality (including Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker, and 馃捀 the Windows Image Acquisition framework for retrieving

from scanners and digital cameras), additional system utilities such as System File 馃捀 Protection and System Restore, and updated home networking tools.[33] However, Windows Me was faced with criticism for its speed and 馃捀 instability, along with hardware compatibility issues and its removal of real mode DOS support. PC World considered Windows Me to 馃捀 be one of the worst operating systems Microsoft had ever released, and the fourth worst tech product of all time.[16]

Windows 馃捀 NT

Version history

Early versions (Windows NT 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)

Windows logo, 1995

In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included former Digital 馃捀 Equipment Corporation developers Dave Cutler and Mark Lucovsky) began work on a revamped version of IBM and Microsoft's OS/2 operating 馃捀 system known as "NT OS/2". NT OS/2 was intended to be a secure, multi-user operating system with POSIX compatibility and 馃捀 a modular, portable kernel with preemptive multitasking and support for multiple processor architectures. However, following the successful release of Windows 馃捀 3.0, the NT development team decided to rework the project to use an extended 32-bit port of the Windows API 馃捀 known as Win32 instead of those of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar structure to the Windows APIs (allowing existing Windows 馃捀 applications to easily be ported to the platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following its 馃捀 approval by Microsoft's staff, development continued on what was now Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM 馃捀 objected to the changes, and ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.[34][35]

Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based 馃捀 on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel, influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by 馃捀 Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.

The first release of 馃捀 the resulting operating system, Windows NT 3.1 (named to associate it with Windows 3.1) was released in July 1993, with 馃捀 versions for desktop workstations and servers. Windows NT 3.5 was released in September 1994, focusing on performance improvements and support 馃捀 for Novell's NetWare, and was followed up by Windows NT 3.51 in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support 馃捀 for the PowerPC architecture. Windows NT 4.0 was released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of Windows 95 to 馃捀 the NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000, a successor to NT 4.0. The Windows NT name 馃捀 was dropped at this point in order to put a greater focus on the Windows brand.[35]

Windows XP

The next major version 馃捀 of Windows NT, Windows XP, was released to manufacturing (RTM) on August 24, 2001, and to the general public on 馃捀 October 25, 2001. The introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented Windows 9x series with the architecture introduced 馃捀 by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also 馃捀 introduce a redesigned user interface (including an updated Start menu and a "task-oriented" Windows Explorer), streamlined multimedia and networking features, 馃捀 Internet Explorer 6, integration with Microsoft's .NET Passport services, a "compatibility mode" to help provide backwards compatibility with software designed 馃捀 for previous versions of Windows, and Remote Assistance functionality.[36][37]

At retail, Windows XP was marketed in two main editions: the "Home" 馃捀 edition was targeted towards consumers, while the "Professional" edition was targeted towards business environments and power users, and included additional 馃捀 security and networking features. Home and Professional were later accompanied by the "Media Center" edition (designed for home theater PCs, 馃捀 with an emphasis on support for DVD playback, TV tuner cards, DVR functionality, and remote controls), and the "Tablet PC" 馃捀 edition (designed for mobile devices meeting its specifications for a tablet computer, with support for stylus pen input and additional 馃捀 pen-enabled applications).[38][39][40] Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.[41]

After Windows 馃捀 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server operating systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, 馃捀 was released in April 2003.[35] It was followed in December 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2.

Windows Vista

After a lengthy development 馃捀 process, Windows Vista was released on November 30, 2006, for volume licensing and January 30, 2007, for consumers. It contained 馃捀 a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus 馃捀 on security features. It was available in a number of different editions, and has been subject to some criticism, such 馃捀 as drop of performance, longer boot time, criticism of new UAC, and stricter license agreement. Vista's server counterpart, Windows Server 馃捀 2008 was released in early 2008.

Windows 7

On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released to 馃捀 manufacturing (RTM) and released to the public three months later on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which 馃捀 introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the 馃捀 Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.[42] Windows 馃捀 7 has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with an updated taskbar with revealable jump lists that contain shortcuts to 馃捀 files frequently used with specific applications and shortcuts to tasks within the application,[43] a home networking system called HomeGroup,[44] and 馃捀 performance improvements.

Windows 8 and 8.1

Windows logo (2012鈥?024)

Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. 馃捀 A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around Microsoft's 馃捀 Metro design language with optimizations for touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the Start screen, 馃捀 which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, 馃捀 and a new class of apps which are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices. The new Windows version required 馃捀 a minimum resolution of 1024脳768 pixels,[45] effectively making it unfit for netbooks with 800脳600-pixel screens.

Other changes include increased integration with 馃捀 cloud services and other online platforms (such as social networks and Microsoft's own OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive) and Xbox Live services), 馃捀 the Windows Store service for software distribution, and a new variant known as Windows RT for use on devices that 馃捀 utilize the ARM architecture, and a new keyboard shortcut for screenshots.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52] An update to Windows 8, called Windows 8.1,[53] was 馃捀 released on October 17, 2013, and includes features such as new live tile sizes, deeper OneDrive integration, and many other 馃捀 revisions. Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 have been subject to some criticism, such as the removal of the Start menu.

Windows 馃捀 10

On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on July 29, 馃捀 2024, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes on PC include the return of 馃捀 the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop 馃捀 rather than in full-screen mode. Windows 10 is said to be available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1, 馃捀 Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 devices from the Get Windows 10 Application (for Windows 7, Windows 8.1) or Windows 馃捀 Update (Windows 7).[54]

In February 2024, Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository from Perforce to Git. This 馃捀 migration involved 3.5 million separate files in a 300-gigabyte repository.[55] By May 2024, 90 percent of its engineering team was 馃捀 using Git, in about 8500 commits and 1760 Windows builds per day.[55]

In June 2024, shortly before Microsoft's announcement of Windows 馃捀 11, Microsoft updated their lifecycle policy pages for Windows 10, revealing that support for their last release of Windows 10 馃捀 will end on October 14, 2025.[56][57] On April 27, 2024, Microsoft announced that version 22H2 would be the last of 馃捀 Windows 10.[59]

Windows 11

On June 24, 2024, Windows 11 was announced as the successor to Windows 10 during a livestream. The 馃捀 new operating system was designed to be more user-friendly and understandable. It was released on October 5, 2024.[60][61] As of 馃捀 May 2024, Windows 11 is a free upgrade to Windows 10 users who meet the system requirements.[62]

Windows 365

In July 2024, 馃捀 Microsoft announced it will start selling subscriptions to virtualized Windows desktops as part of a new Windows 365 service in 馃捀 the following month. The new service will allow for cross-platform usage, aiming to make the operating system available for both 馃捀 Apple and Android users. It is a separate service and offers several variations including Windows 365 Frontline, Windows 365 Boot, 馃捀 and the Windows 365 app.[63] The subscription service will be accessible through any operating system with a web browser. The 馃捀 new service is an attempt at capitalizing on the growing trend, fostered during the COVID-19 pandemic, for businesses to adopt 馃捀 a hybrid remote work environment, in which "employees split their time between the office and home". As the service will 馃捀 be accessible through web browsers, Microsoft will be able to bypass the need to publish the service through Google Play 馃捀 or the Apple App Store.[64][65][66][67][68]

Microsoft announced Windows 365 availability to business and enterprise customers on August 2, 2024.[69]

Multilingual support

Multilingual support 馃捀 has been built into Windows since Windows 3.0. The language for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed 馃捀 through the Region and Language Control Panel. Components for all supported input languages, such as Input Method Editors, are automatically 馃捀 installed during Windows installation (in Windows XP and earlier, files for East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and files for 馃捀 right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed separately, also from the said Control Panel). Third-party IMEs may 馃捀 also be installed if a user feels that the provided one is insufficient for their needs. Since Windows 2000, English 馃捀 editions of Windows NT have East Asian IMEs (such as Microsoft Pinyin IME and Microsoft Japanese IME) bundled, but files 馃捀 for East Asian languages may be manually installed on Control Panel.

Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, 馃捀 but some languages are limited to certain editions of Windows. Language Interface Packs (LIPs) are redistributable and may be downloaded 馃捀 from Microsoft's Download Center and installed for any edition of Windows (XP or later) 鈥?they translate most, but not 馃捀 all, of the Windows interface, and require a certain base language (the language which Windows originally shipped with). This is 馃捀 used for most languages in emerging markets. Full Language Packs, which translate the complete operating system, are only available for 馃捀 specific editions of Windows (Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.1 馃捀 and RT except Single Language). They do not require a specific base language and are commonly used for more popular 馃捀 languages such as French or Chinese. These languages cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but are available as optional 馃捀 updates through the Windows Update service (except Windows 8).

The interface language of installed applications is not affected by changes in 馃捀 the Windows interface language. The availability of languages depends on the application developers themselves.

Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 introduce 馃捀 a new Language Control Panel where both the interface and input languages can be simultaneously changed, and language packs, regardless 馃捀 of type, can be downloaded from a central location. The PC Settings app in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 馃捀 R2 also includes a counterpart settings page for this. Changing the interface language also changes the language of preinstalled Windows 馃捀 Store apps (such as Mail, Maps and News) and certain other Microsoft-developed apps (such as Remote Desktop). The above limitations 馃捀 for language packs are however still in effect, except that full language packs can be installed for any edition except 馃捀 Single Language, which caters to emerging markets.

Platform support

Windows NT included support for several platforms before the x86-based personal computer became 馃捀 dominant in the professional world. Windows NT 4.0 and its predecessors supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000 (although some 馃捀 of the platforms implement 64-bit computing, the OS treated them as 32-bit). Windows 2000 dropped support for all platforms, except 馃捀 the third generation x86 (known as IA-32) or newer in 32-bit mode. The client line of the Windows NT family 馃捀 still runs on IA-32 but the Windows Server line ceased supporting this platform with the release of Windows Server 2008 馃捀 R2.

With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (IA-64), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions 馃捀 of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts. Windows XP 馃捀 64-Bit Edition, released in 2003, is the last Windows client operating system to support Itanium. Windows Server line continues to 馃捀 support this platform until Windows Server 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 is the last Windows operating system to support Itanium 馃捀 architecture.

On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support x86-64 馃捀 (or simply x64), the 64-bit version of x86 architecture. Windows Vista was the first client version of Windows NT to 馃捀 be released simultaneously in IA-32 and x64 editions. x64 is still supported.

An edition of Windows 8 known as Windows RT 馃捀 was specifically created for computers with ARM architecture, and while ARM is still used for Windows smartphones with Windows 10, 馃捀 tablets with Windows RT will not be updated. Starting from Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (version 1709) and later includes 馃捀 support for ARM-based PCs.[70]

Windows 11 is the first version to drop support for 32-bit hardware.[62]

Windows CE

Windows CE (officially known as 馃捀 Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile 馃捀 phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to 馃捀 OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while 馃捀 Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so.

Windows CE was used in the Dreamcast along with Sega's own proprietary 馃捀 OS for the console. Windows CE was the core from which Windows Mobile was derived. Its successor, Windows Phone 7, 馃捀 was based on components from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and Windows CE 7.0. Windows Phone 8 however, is based 馃捀 on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8.

Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded or Windows 馃捀 NT 4.0 Embedded, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel.

Xbox OS

Xbox OS is an unofficial name given to 馃捀 the version of Windows that runs on Xbox consoles.[71] From Xbox One onwards it is an implementation with an emphasis 馃捀 on virtualization (using Hyper-V) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core operating system, a 馃捀 second implemented for games and a more Windows-like environment for applications.[72] Microsoft updates Xbox One's OS every month, and these 馃捀 updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service to the Xbox and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery 馃捀

downloaded via a PC.[73] It was originally based on NT 6.2 (Windows 8) kernel, and the latest version runs 馃捀 on an NT 10.0 base. This system is sometimes referred to as "Windows 10 on Xbox One".[74][75] Xbox One and 馃捀 Xbox Series operating systems also allow limited (due to licensing restrictions and testing resources) backward compatibility with previous generation hardware,[76] 馃捀 and the Xbox 360's system is backwards compatible with the original Xbox.[77]

Version control system

Up to and including every version before 馃捀 Windows 2000, Microsoft used an in-house version control system named Source Library Manager (SLM). Shortly after Windows 2000 was released, 馃捀 Microsoft switched to a fork of Perforce named Source Depot.[78] This system was used up until 2024 once the system 馃捀 could not keep up with the size of Windows.[citation needed] Microsoft had begun to integrate Git into Team Foundation Server 馃捀 in 2013,[79] but Windows (and Office) continued to rely on Source Depot.[80] The Windows code was divided among 65 different 馃捀 repositories with a kind of virtualization layer to produce unified view of all of the code.[citation needed]

In 2024 Microsoft announced 馃捀 that it would start using Git, an open source version control system created by Linus Torvalds and in May 2024 馃捀 they reported that the migration into a new Git repository was complete.[81][82][55]

VFSForGit

Because of its large, decades-long history, however, the Windows 馃捀 codebase is not especially well suited to the decentralized nature of Linux development that Git was originally created to manage.[citation 馃捀 needed] Each Git repository contains a complete history of all the files,[83] which proved unworkable for Windows developers because cloning 馃捀 the whole repository takes several hours.[citation needed] Microsoft has been working on a new project called the Virtual File System 馃捀 for Git (VFSForGit) to address these challenges.[82]

In 2024 the VFS for Git has been superseded by Scalar.[84]

Timeline of releases

Windows timeline: 馃捀 Bar chart

The Windows family tree

Usage share and device sales

Use of Windows 10 has exceeded Windows 7 globally since early 2024.[91]

For 馃捀 desktop and laptop computers, according to Net Applications and StatCounter (which track the use of operating systems in devices that 馃捀 are active on the Web), Windows was the most used operating-system family in August 2024, with around 91% usage share 馃捀 according to Net Applications[92] and around 76% usage share according to StatCounter.[93]

Including personal computers of all kinds (e.g., desktops, laptops, 馃捀 mobile devices, and game consoles), Windows OSes accounted for 32.67% of usage share in August 2024, compared to Android (highest, 馃捀 at 46.03%), iOS's 13.76%, iPadOS's 2.81%, and macOS's 2.51%, according to Net Applications[94] and 30.73% of usage share in August 馃捀 2024, compared to Android (highest, at 42.56%), iOS/iPadOS's 16.53%, and macOS's 6.51%, according to StatCounter.[95]

Those statistics do not include servers 馃捀 (including so-called cloud computing, where Microsoft is known not to be a leader, with Linux used more than Windows) as 馃捀 Net Applications and StatCounter use web browsing as a proxy for all use.

Security

Early versions of Windows were designed at a 馃捀 time where malware and networking were less common, and had few built-in security features; they did not provide access privileges 馃捀 to allow a user to prevent other users from accessing their files, and they did not provide memory protection to 馃捀 prevent one process from reading or writing another process's address space or to prevent a process from code or data 馃捀 used by privileged-mode code.

While the Windows 9x series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users with separate profiles 馃捀 and home folders, it had no concept of access privileges, allowing any user to edit others' files. In addition, while 馃捀 it ran separate 32-bit applications in separate address spaces, protecting an application's code and data from being read or written 馃捀 by another application, it did not protect the first megabyte of memory from userland applications for compatibility reasons. This area 馃捀 of memory contains code critical to the functioning of the operating system, and by writing into this area of memory 馃捀 an application can crash or freeze the operating system. This was a source of instability as faulty applications could accidentally 馃捀 write into this region, potentially corrupting important operating system memory, which usually resulted in some form of system error and 馃捀 halt.[96]

Windows NT was far more secure, implementing access privileges and full memory protection, and, while 32-bit programs meeting the DoD's 馃捀 C2 security rating,[97] yet these advantages were nullified[improper synthesis?] by the fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the default user 馃捀 account created during the setup process was an administrator account; the user, and any program the user launched, had full 馃捀 access to the machine. Though Windows XP did offer an option of turning administrator accounts into limited accounts, the majority 馃捀 of home users did not do so, partially due to the number of programs which required administrator rights to function 馃捀 properly. As a result, most home users still ran as administrator all the time. These architectural flaws, combined with Windows's 馃捀 very high popularity, made Windows a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers.[98][99][citation needed]

Furthermore, although Windows NT and its 馃捀 successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, they were not initially designed with Internet security 馃捀 in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.[100]

In a 馃捀 2002 strategy memo entitled "Trustworthy computing" sent to every Microsoft employee, Bill Gates declared that security should become Microsoft's highest 馃捀 priority.[101][102]

Windows Vista introduced a privilege elevation system called User Account Control.[103] When logging in as a standard user, a logon 馃捀 session is created and a token containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon 馃捀 session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the 馃捀 Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the 馃捀 second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive. User applications, including the Windows shell, are 馃捀 then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application 馃捀 requests higher privileges or "Run as administrator" is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given (including 馃捀 administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group), start the process using 馃捀 the unrestricted token.[104]

Leaked documents from 2013 to 2024 codenamed Vault 7 detail the capabilities of the CIA to perform electronic 馃捀 surveillance and cyber warfare,[105] such as the ability to compromise operating systems such as Windows.[106]

In August 2024, computer experts reported 馃捀 that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, CVE-2024-0708, that potentially affects older unpatched Windows versions via the program's Remote Desktop Protocol, allowing 馃捀 for the possibility of remote code execution, may include related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., Windows 馃捀 7 and all recent versions) as well.[107] In addition, experts reported a Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE- 2024-1162, based on legacy 馃捀 code involving Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), that affects all Windows versions from Windows XP to the then most recent 馃捀 Windows 10 versions; a patch to correct the flaw is available.[108]

Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately 馃捀 once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when 馃捀 necessary.[109] Versions subsequent to Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP implemented automatic download and installation of updates, substantially increasing the 馃捀 number of users installing security updates.[110]

Windows integrates the Windows Defender antivirus, which is seen as one of the best available.[111] 馃捀 Windows also implements Secure Boot, Control Flow Guard, ransomware protection, BitLocker disk encryption, a firewall, and Windows SmartScreen.

File permissions

All Windows 馃捀 versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as AGDLP (Accounts, Global, 馃捀 Domain Local, Permissions) in which file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a 'local group' which 馃捀 then has other 'global groups' as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows 馃捀 versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the 'static' allocation of 馃捀 permission being applied directly to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of 馃捀 static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on 馃捀 the files and folders.

Alternative implementations

Owing to the operating system's popularity, a number of applications have been released that aim to 馃捀 provide compatibility with Windows applications, either as a compatibility layer for another operating system, or as a standalone system that 馃捀 can run software written for Windows out of the box. These include:

Wine 鈥?a free and open-source implementation of the 馃捀 Windows API, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including UNIX, Linux and macOS. Wine developers refer 馃捀 to it as a "compatibility layer" [112] and use Windows-style APIs to emulate Windows environment. CrossOver 鈥?a Wine package 馃捀 with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine. Proton 鈥?A fork of Wine by Steam to run 馃捀 Windows games on Linux and other Unix-like OS.

and use Windows-style APIs to emulate Windows environment. ReactOS 鈥?an open-source OS 馃捀 intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, later aiming at Windows 7 馃捀 compatibility. It has been in the development stage since 1996.

See also

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YY.

Voc锚 pode entender por que os republicanos aplaudiram quando Donald Trump reivindicou repetidamente o divino como seu defensor n煤mero um, 馃寛 declarando com certeza de ter Deus ao lado. Para fi茅is reunidos na conven莽茫o nacional republicana bacana cassino Milwaukee nesta quinta-feira 脿 馃寛 noite nada disso teria soado exagero 鈥?e n茫o apenas porquebacana cassinocandidata para presid锚ncia dos EUA sobreviveu uma bala 馃寛 assassina tamb茅m 茅 devido aos resultados positivos do presidente americano sobre as consequ锚ncias da elei莽茫o presidencial americana -

Claro, foi 馃寛 essa confus茫o com a morte bacana cassino um rali na Pensilv芒nia no 煤ltimo fim de semana que o ex e futuro 馃寛 presidente tinha mente quando falou sobre "um momento providencial". O tiroteio. E capacidade Trump para ignorar as les玫es aumentando seu 馃寛 punho num desafio sangrento levou seus crentes mais fervorosas ao cast谩-lo como m谩rtir vivo dabacana cassinocausa do Partido Republicano 馃寛 j谩 se transformou numa marca real dos ouvidos deles... Mas ver os delegados vestindo suas roupas

Mesmo assim, mesmo o republicano 馃寛 mais 铆mpio pode ter se perguntado sobre Trump realmente tem um amigo l谩 bacana cassino cima. Durante tr锚s semanas seguidas tudo 馃寛 seguiu seu caminho!

A s茅rie de acontecimentos quentes do Trump come莽ou com o debate na TV contra Joe Biden no final 馃寛 deste m锚s 鈥?um confronto que, vale lembrar-se disso normalmente teria ocorrido durante a temporada se n茫o tivesse sido insistido 馃寛 pela equipe bid茅 para acontecer mais cedo. Foi uma cat谩strofe bacana cassino 90 minutos ao presidente quem quando ele estava lutando 馃寛 por completar as senten莽aes olhou vagamente pelo espa莽o olhando cada qual dos seus 81 anos e disse: 鈥淓u estou certo鈥?

Isso 馃寛 provocou um p芒nico entre os democratas, tr锚s longas semanas de agonia interna enquanto anci茫os e bigwigs procuravam navegar com o 馃寛 orgulho do presidente que eles acreditam merecer respeito por uma consequ锚ncia no cargo; al茅m disso ele est谩 cada vez mais 馃寛 convencido n茫o s贸 perder a Casa Branca como tamb茅m levar candidatos Democratas para C芒mara dos Representantes. Esse processo pode chegar 馃寛 ao seu cl铆max neste fim-de semana mas nunca antes da entrega aos republicanos bacana cassino contraste: divididos!

Enquanto isso, os tribunais t锚m 馃寛 sorrido para Trump 鈥?sejam seis ju铆zes da Suprema Corte dos EUA e tr锚s deles foram nomeados por ele; concedendo 馃寛 aos presidentes imunidade total pelos seus atos oficiais ou um juiz nomeado pelo pr贸prio Donald Post que descarta o mais 馃寛 forte de todos esses processos legais contra seu oponente.

Ele viu como, para dar um exemplo disso Biden deu uma performance 馃寛 decente bacana cassino confer锚ncia de imprensa p贸s-nato na c煤pula da reuni茫o do presidente dos EUA dando respostas detalhadas sobre pol铆tica externa 馃寛 鈥?enquanto todos se lembram que ele apresentou Volodymyr Zelenskiy com o nome "Presidente Putin" e referiu Kamala Harris a 馃寛 respeito dele.

A ex-presidente da C芒mara, Nancy Pelosi tentou pressionar Joe Biden a se afastar como candidato presidencial democrata.

: Susan Walsh/AP

Mas 馃寛 茅 a tentativa de assassinato e o debate na TV que s茫o os eventos do fim-de livro dessas semanas not谩veis, 馃寛 refor莽ando aquilo j谩 era quadro escolhido por Trump para campanha: forte v fraco. Como um democrata s锚nior disse isso comigo 馃寛 s茅nior Democrata Estados dizendo "Os republicanos t锚m uma cara quem balas salta fora da." Temos algu茅m n茫o pode lidar com 馃寛 lance das escadas". As pesquisas est茫o sombria bacana cassino si mesmo pelos democratas; Com Donald levando Nova York at茅 nos estados 馃寛 chave falando 'uma vez' - estado ainda

Ent茫o, caso qualquer parte da narrativa fosse insuficientemente v铆vida enquanto Trump estava sendo saudado 馃寛 como messiah bacana cassino Milwaukee Biden contraiu Covid. Agora ele est谩 isolado no sentido mais amplo poss铆vel!

Talvez seja poss铆vel ter 馃寛 muita sorte. Trump est谩 t茫o 脿 frente, seus n煤meros s茫o fortes que os democratas intensificaram seu esfor莽o p贸s-debate para fazer 馃寛 Biden se retirar da corrida privadamente no in铆cio e depois quando o veterano de bilder recusou ceder publicamente atrav茅s 馃寛 vazamentos bem colocados; l铆deres do Congresso 鈥?doadores das grandes ligas - possivelmente a mais afiada cabe莽a pol铆tica dos partidos 馃寛 na segunda feira (a ex presidente Nancy Pelosi) "ele n茫o pode dizer isso ao Presidente".

Se isso 茅 certo, ent茫o a 馃寛 sequ锚ncia de sorte do Trump certamente estar谩 no fim. Todabacana cassinocampanha foi baseada bacana cassino Biden sendo seu oponente 馃寛 Advers谩rio: Enfrentar algu茅m significa que tr锚s fundamentos da corrida seriam alterados - Primeiro o foco na m铆dia mudar谩 dele para 馃寛 um objeto brilhante como novo candidato democrata; Segundo ele e n茫o seus oponentes ser谩 uma pessoa mais velha nessa disputa 馃寛 鈥?E terceiro lugar...

Esse 煤ltimo elemento depende de quem os democratas escolhem e como eles fazem isso. Se Biden ficar 馃寛 ao lado, h谩 uma coroa莽茫o r谩pida do seu vice Harris (o deputado), ent茫o Trump a colocar谩 no status quo; haver谩 馃寛 cacofonia com assobios racistas ou mis贸ginos para c茫es que n茫o t锚m um mandato democr谩tico nem s茫o perigosamente 脿 esquerda

Mas h谩 馃寛 outra maneira de faz锚-lo. Mesmo alguns dos apoiadores do Harris favorecem um miniprimo, que poderia equivaler a uma quinzena ou 馃寛 mais sobre debates na TV antes da 4.000 delegados democratas votarem seus votos! N茫o o suficiente para ter certeza disso 馃寛 seria conferir alguma legitimidade democr谩tica ao eventual vencedor e oferecer pelo menos algum vislumbre quem floresceu sob escrut铆nio nacional bacana cassino 馃寛 vez das murchas (a c茅dula deve acontecer) Antes mesmo 脿 conven莽茫o partid谩ria no Chicago 19o andar

Eu sei 鈥?estamos nos 馃寛 adiantando. Mas, 脿 medida que os democratas se dirigem para um fim de semana fat铆dico eles devem saber pouco a 馃寛 temer do futuro poss铆vel - Um concurso poderia demonstrar energia e vigor da festa; seu banco profundo com novos talentos 馃寛 desenha o contraste ao culto assustador contra quem ela 茅 contr谩ria: dado esse n煤mero dos americanos dizendo h谩 mais ou 馃寛 menos 1 ano sobrebacana cassinoescolha al茅m das elei莽玫es Trump v Biden (que podem ser feitas bacana cassino uma elei莽茫o), existe 馃寛 quase toda chance diferente!

E Trump mostrou novamente na noite de quinta-feira qu茫o eminentemente beat谩vel ele 茅. Seus escritores queriam que 馃寛 adotasse um tom mais gentil e suave 鈥?homem castigado por seu pincel com a morte, empenhado bacana cassino curar o 馃寛 povo da unidade nacional; Ele conseguiu isso durante algum tempo mas logo se afastou do teleprompter (TelePrompter), divergindo para todos 馃寛 os grandes sucessos antigos: "louco" Pelosi - migrantes como uma invas茫o dos criminosos roubado...

As apostas s茫o muito altas, para os 馃寛 EUA e o mundo deixarem que democratas cedam a disputa de 2024 ao Trump. A esperan莽a 茅 se Biden chegar 馃寛 脿 conclus茫o no dia seguinte ou dois anos depois do fim da elei莽茫o presidencial bacana cassino Nova York --e realizar qual 馃寛 ser谩 seu 煤ltimo grande ato p煤blico: porque seja l谩 como for dito pelos fi茅is republicanos esta decis茫o n茫o est谩 nas 馃寛 m茫os dos Todo Poderosos 鈥?est茫o nos bra莽os das pessoas quem agora precisam agir com medo nem fragilidade!

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